N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmụba na arụmọrụ nke usoro mgbapụta mmiri fotovoltaic (PVWPS) adọtala mmasị dị ukwuu n'etiti ndị na-eme nchọpụta, ebe ọrụ ha na-adabere na mmepụta ike eletrik dị ọcha. N'akwụkwọ a, a na-emepụta usoro nchịkwa mgbagwoju anya ọhụrụ nke dabeere na PVWPS maka PVWPS. ngwa ndị na-agụnye usoro mbelata ọnwụ na-etinye aka na moto induction (IM) .Nchịkwa a na-atụ aro na-ahọrọ oke ngbanwe kachasị mma site na ibelata mfu IM. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ewebatakwa usoro nlele anya mgbanwe mgbanwe. ibelata mmiri ozuzo;Ya mere, a na-ebelata mfu moto ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. A na-atụnyere atụmatụ nchịkwa a na-atụ aro ya na usoro na-enweghị nkwụsịtụ ọnwụ. Ntụle ntụnyere na-egosi ịdị irè nke usoro a tụrụ aro, nke dabeere na mbelata nke mfu na ọkụ eletrik, na-etinye uche ugbu a, na-asọ asọ. mmiri, na mmepe flux. A na-eme nyocha nke processor-in-the-loop (PIL) dị ka ule nyocha nke usoro a tụrụ anya ya. Ọ na-agụnye mmejuputa koodu C nke emepụtara na bọọdụ nchọpụta STM32F4. Nsonaazụ enwetara site na agbakwunyere. bọọdụ yiri nsonaazụ ịme anwansị ọnụọgụgụ.
Ike mmeghari ohuru, ọkachasịanyanwụteknụzụ fotovoltaic, nwere ike bụrụ ihe dị ọcha karịa mmanụ ọkụ fosil na sistemu mmiri na-agbapụta mmiri1,2.Photovoltaic sistemu mgbapụta enwetala nlebara anya dị ukwuu na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik3,4.
A na-eji engines dị iche iche na ngwa mgbapụta PV. The isi ogbo nke PVWPS dabeere na DC Motors.These Motors dị mfe ịchịkwa na mejuputa, ma ha na-achọ mgbe nile mmezi n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke annotators na brushes5.To imeri a shortcoming, brushless. E webatara moto magnet na-adịgide adịgide, nke ejiri brushless, arụmọrụ dị elu na ntụkwasị obi mara6.Tụnyere moto ndị ọzọ, PVWPS dabeere na IM nwere arụmọrụ ka mma n'ihi na moto a bụ nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ọnụ ala, enweghị mmezi, ma na-enye ohere maka njikwa atụmatụ7. .Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) usoro na Direct Torque Control (DTC) na-ejikarị8.
IFOC mepụtara site na Blaschke na Hasse ma na-enye ohere ịgbanwe ọsọ IM n'ofe dị iche iche9,10. The stator current na-ekewa n'ime akụkụ abụọ, otu na-eme ka magnetik flux na nke ọzọ na-emepụta torque site na ịtụgharị na dq nhazi usoro.This na-enye ohere. njikwa onwe ya nke flux na torque n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ na ọnọdụ siri ike. Axis (d) na-ejikọta ya na rotor flux space vector, nke gụnyere akụkụ q-axis nke rotor flux space vector ịbụ mgbe niile zero.FOC na-enye nzaghachi dị mma na ngwa ngwa11. ,12 Otú ọ dị, usoro a dị mgbagwoju anya na n'okpuru paramita variations13. Iji merie mmejọ ndị a, Takashi na Noguchi14 webatara DTC, nke nwere arụmọrụ dị elu ma dị ike ma na-enwechaghị mmetụta maka mgbanwe parameter.Na DTC, ikuku electromagnetic na stator flux. A na-achịkwa ya site n'iwepụ stator flux na torque site na atụmatụ ndị kwekọrọ na ya. A na-enye nsonaazụ ya na comparator hysteresis iji mepụta vector voltaji kwesịrị ekwesị iji chịkwaa.ma stator flux na torque.
Isi ihe na-adịghị mma nke usoro nchịkwa a bụ nnukwu ihe mgbagwoju anya na mgbanwe mgbanwe n'ihi iji hysteresis regulators maka stator flux na electromagnetic torque regulation15,42. A na-eji ndị na-eme mgbanwe dị iche iche eme ihe iji belata ripple, ma arụmọrụ na-ebelata site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike switches16. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ejirila oghere vector modulation (SWM) 17, njikwa ọnọdụ sliding (SMC) 18, nke bụ usoro dị ike ma na-ata ahụhụ site na mmetụta na-adịghị mma. netwọkụ, usoro njikwa nke chọrọ ndị nrụpụta ngwa ngwa iji mejuputa20, na (2) algọridim mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa21.
Njikwa fuzzy siri ike, dabara adaba maka usoro nchịkwa na-enweghị isi, ọ dịghịkwa achọ ihe ọmụma banyere ihe nlereanya ahụ kpọmkwem. Ọ na-agụnye iji ihe mgbagwoju anya mgbagwoju anya kama ndị na-ahụ maka hysteritic ma gbanwee tebụl nhọrọ iji belata flux na torque ripple. Ọ bara uru ịkọwapụta na DTC dabere na FLC na-enye arụmọrụ ka mma22, mana ezughị oke iji bulie arụmọrụ nke injin ahụ, yabụ achọrọ usoro njikarịcha akaghị aka.
N'ime ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe gara aga, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-ahọrọ mgbanwe mgbe niile dị ka ntụgharị ntụaka, mana nhọrọ ntụaka a anaghị anọchi anya omume kachasị mma.
Ịrụ ọrụ dị elu, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-achọ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na nke ziri ezi nzaghachi ngwa ngwa. N'aka nke ọzọ, maka ọrụ ụfọdụ, njikwa ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mma, n'ihi ya, arụmọrụ nke usoro ụgbọ ala enweghị ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Enwere ike nweta arụmọrụ ka mma site na iji. mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbanwe n'oge usoro ọrụ.
Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ atụpụtala onye njikwa ọchụchọ (SC) nke na-ebelata mfu n'okpuru ọnọdụ ibu dị iche iche (dịka na 27) iji melite arụmọrụ nke engine. Usoro ahụ gụnyere ịlele na ibelata ike ntinye site na iterative d-axis current reference or stator flux Otú ọ dị, usoro a na-ewebata torque ripple n'ihi oscillations dị ugbu a na ikuku-ohere flux, na mmejuputa usoro a na-ewe oge na computationally akụ-mkpaka. rapara na minima mpaghara, na-eduga na nhọrọ njikwa adịghị mma29.
N'ime akwụkwọ a, a na-atụ aro usoro metụtara FDTC iji họrọ ụda magnetik kacha mma site na ibelata mfu moto. Nchikota a na-eme ka ikike iji ọkwa dị mma na-arụ ọrụ na ebe ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ, si otú ahụ na-amụba arụmọrụ nke usoro mgbapụta mmiri fotovoltaic chọrọ. Ya mere, o yiri ka ọ dị nnọọ mma maka fotovoltaic water pumping ngwa.
Ọzọkwa, a na-eme nyocha nke nhazi-na-loop nke usoro a tụrụ aro site na iji bọọdụ STM32F4 dị ka nnwale nnwale. Ihe ndị bụ isi uru nke isi a bụ ịdị mfe nke mmejuputa, ọnụ ala na ọ dịghị mkpa ịmepụta mmemme mgbagwoju anya 30. , FT232RL USB-UART ngbanwe osisi ejikọrọ na STM32F4, nke na-ekwe nkwa nkwurịta okwu n'èzí iji guzobe a virtual serial port (COM port) na kọmputa. Usoro a na-enye ohere data na-ebunye na nnukwu baud ọnụego.
Arụ ọrụ nke PVWPS na-eji usoro a tụrụ aro tụnyere usoro PV na-enweghị mbelata mbelata n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ihe a na-enweta na-egosi na usoro mgbapụta mmiri fotovoltaic nke a na-atụ aro ka mma n'ibelata stator ugbu a na ihe efu ọla kọpa, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na mmiri na-agbapụta.
A na-ahazi akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị a: A na-enye ihe ngosi nke usoro a na-atụ aro na ngalaba "Modeling of Photovoltaic Systems" Na ngalaba "Nchịkwa nchịkwa nke usoro ọmụmụ", FDTC, usoro nchịkwa a chọrọ na usoro MPPT bụ. A kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu. A na-atụle ihe nchoputa a na ngalaba "Nsonaazụ Simulation". Mkpebi” ngalaba.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ 1 na-egosi nhazi usoro a chọrọ maka usoro mgbapụta mmiri PV kwụ ọtọ. Usoro ahụ na-agụnye mgbapụta centrifugal nke dabeere na IM, nhazi fotovoltaic, ihe ntụgharị ọkụ abụọ [boost converter and voltage source inverter (VSI)] .Na ngalaba a. , A na-egosipụta ihe ngosi nke usoro ihe mgbapụta mmiri fotovoltaic a na-amụ.
Akwụkwọ a na-eji otu diode nlereanya nkeanyanwụmkpụrụ ndụ fotovoltaic. A na-egosipụta njirimara nke cell PV site na 31, 32, na 33.
Iji mee mmegharị ahụ, a na-eji ihe ntụgharị nkwalite. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ntinye na mmepụta voltaji nke ihe ntụgharị DC-DC bụ nke 34 n'okpuru:
Enwere ike kọwapụta ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ nke IM na etiti ntụaka (α,β) site na nha 5,40 ndị a:
Ebe \(l_{s }\),\(l_{r}\): stator na rotor inductance, M: mutual inductance, \(R_{s }\), \(I_{s}\): stator nguzogide na stator Ugbu a, \(R_{r}\), \(I_{r}\): rotor eguzogide na rotor ugbu a, \ (\phi_{s} \), \ (V_{s}\): stator flux na stator. voltaji , \ (\phi_{r} \), \ (V_{r} \): rotor flux na rotor voltaji.
Enwere ike kpebisie ike site na:
A na-ekewa njikwa nke usoro mgbapụta mmiri a chọrọ n'ime akụkụ atọ dị iche iche. Akụkụ nke mbụ na-ekwu banyere nkà na ụzụ MPPT. Akụkụ nke abụọ na-ekwu banyere ịkwọ ụgbọ ala IM dabere na njikwa mgbagwoju anya nke onye na-ahụ maka mgbagwoju anya. Ọzọkwa, Nkebi nke III na-akọwa usoro metụtara ya. DTC dabere na FLC nke na-enye ohere ikpebi ntụgharị ntụaka.
N'ime ọrụ a, a na-eji usoro P&O mgbanwe-ngbanwe iji soro ebe ike kachasị elu. A na-eji ngwa ngwa nsochi na oscillation dị ala (Njirimara 2) 37,38,39.
Echiche bụ isi nke DTC bụ ijikwa ngwa ngwa na ụda nke igwe, mana iji hysteresis regulators maka electromagnetic torque na stator flux regulation na-ebute oke torque na flux ripple. Ya mere, a na-ewebata usoro na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma iji welie ihe ọkụkụ. Usoro DTC (Fig 7), yana FLC nwere ike ịmepụta steeti vector inverter zuru oke.
N'ime usoro a, a na-agbanwe ntinye ahụ ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe efu site na ọrụ otu (MF) na okwu asụsụ.
Ọrụ otu atọ maka ntinye nke mbụ (εφ) adịghị mma (N), nke ọma (P), na efu (Z), dịka e gosiri na foto 3.
Ọrụ otu ise maka ntinye nke abụọ (\(\varepsilon\)Tem) bụ Negative Large (NL) Negative Small (NS) Zero (Z) Positive Small (PS) na Positive Large (PL), dị ka egosiri na Figure 4.
Trajectory nke stator flux nwere ngalaba iri na abụọ, nke arụrụ ọrụ otu isosceles triangular na-anọchi anya ya, dị ka egosiri na eserese 5.
Tebụl 1 otu 180 iwu nzuzu na-eji ọrụ ntinye aka họrọ steeti mgbanwe kwesịrị ekwesị.
A na-eme usoro ntinye aka site na iji usoro Mamdani. E nyere ihe dị arọ (\(\ alpha_{i}\)) nke iwu i-th site na:
ebe\(\mu Ai \ ekpe( {e\varphi } \right)\),\(\mu Bi\ekpe( {eT} \ right) , \) \(\mu Ci \ ekpe( \ theta \ right) \) : Uru otu nke ndọta ndọta, torque na stator flux akuku njehie.
Ọnụọgụ 6 na-egosi ụkpụrụ dị nkọ nke enwetara site na ụkpụrụ efu site na iji usoro kachasị nke Eq. (20) tụrụ aro.
Site n'ịbawanye arụmọrụ moto ahụ, enwere ike ịba ụba na-agba ọsọ, nke na-eme ka mmiri na-agbapụta mmiri kwa ụbọchị (Njirimara 7) .Ebumnobi nke usoro a bụ iji jikọta atụmatụ mbelata mbelata ọnwụ na usoro nchịkwa ọkụ ọkụ kpọmkwem.
A maara nke ọma na uru nke magnetik flux dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke moto. High flux ụkpụrụ na-eduga na ụba ígwè na-efunahụ yana saturation magnetik nke circuit.
Ya mere, mbelata nke mfu na IM na-emetụta kpọmkwem na nhọrọ nke ọkwa flux.
Usoro a na-atụ aro na-adabere n'ichepụta ihe efu Joule jikọtara ya na nke ugbu a na-agafe site na windings stator na igwe. Ọ na-agụnye ịhazigharị uru nke rotor flux ka ọ bụrụ uru kachasị mma, si otú ahụ na-ebelata mfu moto na-abawanye arụmọrụ.Joule losses. enwere ike igosipụta dịka ndị a (na-eleghara mfu ndị bụ isi):
A na-agbakọ ọkụ eletrik (C_{em}\) na rotor flux (\phi_{r} \) na sistemu nhazi dq dịka:
A na-agbakọ ọkụ eletrik (C_{em}\) na rotor flux \ (\phi_{r} \) na ntụaka (d,q) dị ka:
site n'idozi nhata.(30), anyị nwere ike ịchọta ezigbo stator current nke na-eme ka rotor flux kacha mma na obere mfu:
A na-eme ihe ngosi dị iche iche site na iji MATLAB / Simulink software iji nyochaa ike na ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro a chọrọ. Usoro nyocha ahụ nwere asatọ 230 W CSUN 235-60P panels (Table 2) jikọtara na usoro. A na-ebugharị mgbapụta centrifugal site na IM, na E gosiputara njirimara njirimara ya na Tebụl 3. E gosipụtara akụkụ nke sistemu mgbapụta PV na tebụl 4.
N'akụkụ a, a na-eji FDTC na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ fotovoltaic na-eji FDTC na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ usoro a na-atụ aro na-adabere na flux kacha mma (FDTCO) n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ọrụ. A nwalere arụmọrụ nke abụọ fotovoltaic usoro site n'ịtụle ọnọdụ ndị a:
Akụkụ a na-egosi ọnọdụ mmalite mmalite nke usoro mgbapụta na-adabere na nkwụsị nke 1000 W / m2. Foto 8e na-egosi nzaghachi ngwa ngwa eletriki. E jiri ya tụnyere FDTC, usoro a tụrụ aro na-enye oge ịrị elu ka mma, na-erute ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ na 1.04. s, na FDTC, na-erute ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ na 1.93 s. Figure 8f na-egosi mgbapụta nke usoro nchịkwa abụọ ahụ. Enwere ike ịhụ na FDTCO na-abawanye ụba nke mgbapụta, nke na-akọwa mmụba nke ike gbanwere site na IM.Figures 8g na 8h na-anọchite anya stator adọtara ugbu a. mmalite mmalite nke na-eji FDTC bụ 20 A, ebe usoro nchịkwa a na-atụ aro na-egosi mmalite mmalite nke 10 A, nke na-ebelata ọnwụ Joule. Ọnụ ọgụgụ 8i na 8j na-egosi na-emepụta stator flux. The FDTC dabeere. PVPWS na-arụ ọrụ na ntụgharị ntụaka mgbe niile nke 1.2 Wb, ebe na usoro a tụrụ aro, ntụgharị ntụaka bụ 1 A, nke na-etinye aka n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ nke usoro fotovoltaic.
(a)Anyanwụradieshon (b) mmịpụta ike (c) Ọrụ okirikiri (d) DC ụgbọ ala voltaji (e) Rotor ọsọ (f) Pumping water (g) Stator phase ugbu a maka FDTC (h) Stator phase ugbu a maka FDTCO (i) nzaghachi Flux site na iji FLC (j) Nzaghachi mgbanwe site na iji FDTCO (k) Stator flux trajectory iji FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory iji FDTCO.
Nkeanyanwụradieshon dịgasị iche site na 1000 ruo 700 W / m2 na 3 sekọnd wee gaa na 500 W / m2 na 6 sekọnd (Fig 8a) 8b na-egosi ike fotovoltaic kwekọrọ na 1000 W / m2, 700 W / m2 na 500 W / m2. .Ngosipụta 8c na 8d na-egosi usoro ọrụ ọrụ na voltaji njikọ DC, n'otu n'otu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ 8e na-egosi ọsọ eletrik nke IM, anyị nwere ike ịhụ na usoro a na-atụ aro nwere ọsọ ọsọ na oge nzaghachi dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro fotovoltaic dabeere na FDTC. Foto 8f. na-egosi nfe mmiri maka ọkwa dị iche iche nke irradiance enwetara site na iji FDTC na FDTCO. Enwere ike nweta ọtụtụ mgbapụta na FDTCO karịa na FDTC.Ngosipụta 8g na 8h na-egosi nzaghachi nke simulated ugbu a site na iji usoro FDTC na atụmatụ nchịkwa a chọrọ. , A na-ebelata njupụta nke ugbu a, nke pụtara na ọ ga-efunahụ ọla kọpa, si otú ahụ na-abawanye arụmọrụ nke usoro. Ya mere, mmalite mmalite dị elu nwere ike ime ka arụ ọrụ igwe belata. Foto 8j na-egosi mmalite nke nzaghachi mgbanwe iji họrọ.mgbanwe kachasị mma iji hụ na a na-ebelata ihe efu, ya mere, usoro a na-atụ aro na-egosi arụmọrụ ya. N'adịghị ka eserese 8i, ntụgharị ahụ na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-adịghị anọchi anya ọrụ kachasị mma. Ihe oyiyi 8k na 8l na-egosi mmalite nke stator flux trajectory. 8l na-akọwapụta mmepe mgbanwe kachasị mma ma kọwaa isi echiche nke atụmatụ njikwa echere.
Mgbanwe na mberedeanyanwụA na-etinye radieshon, na-amalite site na irradiance nke 1000 W / m2 na mberede na-ebelata na 500 W / m2 mgbe 1.5 s (Fig 9a) 9b na-egosi ike fotovoltaic nke a na-esi na fotovoltaic panel, kwekọrọ na 1000 W / m2 na 500. W / m2. Ọnụ ọgụgụ 9c na 9d na-egosi usoro ọrụ ọrụ na DC njikọ voltaji, n'otu n'otu. Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ site na Fig. 9e, usoro a tụrụ aro na-enye oge nzaghachi ka mma. Foto 9f na-egosi mgbapụta mmiri nke enwetara maka usoro nchịkwa abụọ ahụ. na FDTCO dị elu karịa na FDTC, na-agbapụta 0.01 m3 / s na 1000 W / m2 irradiance tụnyere 0.009 m3 / s na FDTC;Ọzọkwa, mgbe irradiance bụ 500 W Na / m2, FDTCO na-agbapụta 0.0079 m3 / s, ebe FDTC na-agbapụta 0.0077 m3 / s. Ọnụ ọgụgụ 9g na 9h. Na-akọwa nzaghachi nke ugbu a simulated site na iji usoro FDTC na atụmatụ nchịkwa a chọrọ. Anyị nwere ike mara na usoro nchịkwa a na-atụ aro na-egosi na a na-ebelata njupụta nke ugbu a n'okpuru mgbanwe nke irradiance mberede, na-akpata mbelata ọla kọpa. Foto 9j na-egosi evolushọn nke nzaghachi mgbanwe iji họrọ mgbanwe kachasị mma iji hụ na a na-ebelata ihe efu, ya mere, usoro a tụrụ aro na-egosi arụmọrụ ya na ntụgharị nke 1Wb na irradiance nke 1000 W / m2, ebe Flux bụ 0.83Wb na irradiance bụ 500 W / m2. N'ụzọ dị iche na Fig. 9i, ntụgharị na-adịgide adịgide na 1.2 Wb, nke na-adịghị. na-anọchite anya ọrụ kachasị mma. Ihe oyiyi 9k na 9l na-egosi mgbanwe nke trajectory stator flux. Foto 9l na-egosi ọganihu kachasị mma nke na-emepe emepe ma na-akọwa isi echiche nke usoro nchịkwa a na-atụ aro na mmelite nke usoro mgbapụta ahụ a chọrọ.
(a)Anyanwụradieshon (b) Ike ewepụtara (c) Ọrụ okirikiri (d) voltaji ụgbọ ala DC (e) Rotor ọsọ (f) mmiri na-asọpụta (g) Stator phase ugbu a maka FDTC (h) Stator phase ugbu a maka FDTCO (i)) Nzaghachi mgbanwe site na iji FLC (j) Nzaghachi Flux site na iji FDTCO (k) Stator flux trajectory site na iji FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory site na iji FDTCO.
Atụle nyocha nke teknụzụ abụọ ahụ n'ihe gbasara uru flux, njupụta ugbu a na mgbapụta na-egosi na Tebụl 5, nke na-egosi na PVWPS dabere na teknụzụ a tụrụ aro na-enye arụmọrụ dị elu na mmụba mgbapụta ma belata njupụta ugbu a na mfu, nke bụ n'ihi. ka ezigbo flux nhọrọ.
Iji nyochaa ma nwalee usoro nchịkwa a na-atụ aro, a na-eme nyocha PIL dabere na bọọdụ STM32F4. Ọ na-agụnye ịmepụta koodu nke a ga-ebunye ma na-agba ọsọ na bọọdụ agbakwunyere. ugboro elekere, nkeji na-ese n'elu mmiri, ntuziaka DSP, 192 KB SRAM. N'oge ule a, a na-emepụta ihe mgbochi PIL na-emepụta na usoro nchịkwa nke nwere koodu emepụtara na-adabere na bọọdụ ngwaike nchọpụta STM32F4 ma weba ya na ngwanrọ Simulink. Nzọụkwụ iji kwe ka A ga-ahazi ule PIL site na iji bọọdụ STM32F4 na eserese 10.
Enwere ike iji ule nyocha PIL na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ site na iji STM32F4 dị ka usoro dị ọnụ ala iji nyochaa usoro a chọrọ. N'ime akwụkwọ a, a na-emejuputa modul kachasị mma nke na-enye ntụgharị ntụaka kacha mma na STMicroelectronics Discovery Board (STM32F4).
A na-eme nke a n'otu oge na Simulink ma na-agbanwe ozi n'oge imekọ ihe ọnụ site na iji usoro PVWPS atụpụtara. Foto 12 na-egosi mmejuputa usoro ntinye teknụzụ kachasị na STM32F4.
Naanị usoro ntụgharị ntụaka kachasị mma nke a na-atụ aro ka egosipụtara na njikọkọ a, ebe ọ bụ isi ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe maka ọrụ a na-egosipụta njikwa njikwa nke usoro mgbapụta mmiri fotovoltaic.
Oge nzipu: Eprel-15-2022
